OPERATING SYSTEMS

 [OPERATING SYSTEM]

  [ OPERATING SYSTEM ]:(OS) Is An Integrated Set Of Programs That  Controls(Manage) All Resources Of The Computer And That Manage Overal Activities Of The Computer.

[AN OPERATING SYSTEM IS A PROGRAM THAT WORK AS A INTERFACE BETWEEN A COMPUTER USER AND THE COMPUTER HARDWARE.]   

[ EXAMPLE OF OPERATING SYSTEM ] : 

   

   1] WINDOW (OS) 

   2]MS-DOS (OS)

   3]LINUX (OS)

   4]MAC (OS)

[ FUNCTION OF OPERATING SYSTEM ] :

1]MEMORY MANAGEMENT -] Memory Management Module Take Care Of   Allocation And De-allocation Of Memory Space to Programs In Need Of This Resource.

2]PROCESS MANAGEMENT -]  Process Management Helps To Create And  Delete  Process. It Also Provides Mechanism For Communication Among Processes.

3]FILE MANAGEMENT -]  It Manage All The File-Related Activities Such As      Organization Storage,  Retrieval,  Naming,  Sharing And Protection Of Files.

4]DEVICE MANAGEMENT -]   A Computer System Consists Of Several (I/O) Devices  Such As Terminal, Printer, Disk, And Tap. The Device Management Module Of An Operating System Controls All (I/O) Devices.

5]SECURITY -]  Security Modules Protects The Resources And Information Of A        Computer System Against Destruction And Unauthorized Access. 

6]CONTROL OVER SYSTEM PERFORMANCE -] Records Delays Between The Request For A Service And From The System.

7]JOB ACCOUNTING -] Keeps Track Of Time And Resources Used By Various    jobs And Or User.

[ FEATURE OF OPERATING SYSTEM ]

• PROTECTED AND SUPERVISOR MODE
• ALLOWS DISK ACCESS AMD FILE SYSTEMS DEVICE DRIVERS NETWORKING SECURITY
• PROGRAM EXECUTION 
• MEMORY MANAGEMENT VIRTUAL MEMORY MULTITASKING
• HANDLING I/O OPERATIONS
• MANIPULATION OF THE FILE SYSTEM 
• ERROR DETECTION AND HANDLING 
• RESOURCE ALLOCATION 
• INFORMATION AND RESOURCE PROTECTION 

 [ TYPE OF OPERATING SYSTEM ] 

1]BATCH OPERATING SYSTEM -] A Batch operating system is an operating system in which same type of process are collected together and form a batch and then it take all the batches for execution.

2]MULTI PROGRAMMING OPERATING SYSTEM -]   It Is An Operating System In Which There Are Multiple Jobs And Each Job Loaded In The Memory And CPU Executed All Jobs One By One.

3]MULTITASKING SYSTEM -]  This Type Of Operating System Exectes All The Job Together At The Same Time. Actually,  The Switching Between The Job Are So Fast That It gives an Appearance That All The Jobs Are Executing Together.

4]NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM -] Network Operating System Runs  On A Server. It Provide The Capability To Serve To Manage Data,Groups Security,application,   and Other Networking Functions.  

[Please Click This Link(Generation of computer)]

              (Generation of computer)

GENERATION OF COMPUTER

                             GENERATION OF COMPUTER


["GENERATION "  In Computer Talk Provides A Frameworks For The Growth Of Computer   Industry Based On Key Technologies Developed.  Originally,  It Was Used To Distinguish Between  Hardware Technologies But Was Later Extended To Include Both Hardware And Software Technologies.]  

1. FIRST GENERATION(1940-1956)

     

• the time period of first generation is ( 1940  to  1956 ), roughly considered as the First generation of computer
• In First generation's computer using a( vacuum tubes )as electronic switching devise
• the first generation computer worked on binary-coded concept,  like 1 and 0

         [ Example -:  EDVAC, ENIAC ] 

• the input of this system was based on (punched cards) and (paper taps); however, the output was displayed on printout.

 [Vacuum Tube: A Vacuum Tube Was A Fragile Glass Device Using Filaments As A           Source Of Electronics And Could Control And Amplife Electronic Signals It Was The Only       High-Speed Electronic Switching Device  Available In Those Days.]

                                                           (Vacuum Tube)

2.SECOND GENERATION(1956-1964)

• The Period 1956 to 1964 Is Roughly Considered As The Period Of Second Generation Of Computers.
• They Were More Powerful, More Reliable , Less Expensive, Smaller , And Cooler To Operate Than The First-Generation Computers.
• Second - Generation Computer Were Manufactured Using Transistors . Comparison To Computers Of The First Generation , The Computing Time Taken By The Computers Of The Second Generation Was Lesser.
• In Addition To Scientific Computations, Business And Industry Users Used Second-Generation Computers Increasingly For Commercial Data Processing Applications Like Payroll, Inventory Control, Marketing, And Production Planning.
• They Had Faster And Larger Primary And Secondary Storage As Compared To First-Generation Computers.

                                                                 (Transistor)

3.THIRD GENERATION (1964-1975)

[In 1958, Jack St. Clair kilby And Robert Noyce Invented The First Integrated Circuit         Integrated Circuit (ICs) Are Circuits Consisting Of Several Electronic Components Like Transistors, Resistors, And Capacitors Grown On A Single Chip Of Silicon Eliminating

 Wired Interconnection Between Components. ]

• The Time Period Of Third Generation Is 1963 to 1975 
• Third Generation Computer Were Manufactured Using ICs.
• Third Generation Were More Powerful, More Reliable, Less Expensive, Smaller, And Cooler To Operate Than Second-Generation Computer
• The Third Generation Computer Consumed Less Power And Also Generated Less Heat
• Third Generation Computer Typically Had Few Megabytes (Less Than 5 Megabytes) Of Main Memory And Magnetic Disks Capable Of Storing Few Tens Of Megabytes Of Data Per Disk Drive.

4.FOURTH GENERATION(1975-1989)

• The Time Period Of Fourth Generation Is 1975 to 1989
• High-Speed Computer Networking Also Developed During Fourth Generation.
• During Fourth-Generation, The UNIX Operating System Also Became Very Popular For Use On Large-Scale Systems 
• During Fourth-Generation, Semiconductor Memories Replaced Magnetic Core Memories Resulting In Large Random Access Memories With Very Fast Access Time.
• It Is Much Faster And Accuracy Became More Reliable
• They Were General Purpose Machines. 
• They Consumed Less Power Than Third-Generation Computer.
• PCs Of Fourth Generation Made Computer Affordable Even By Individuals For Their Personal Use At Home

5.FIFTH GENERATION(1989-PRESENT)

• During Fifth Generation, The Internet Emerged With Associated Technologies And Application 
• IN The Area Of Operating Systems, Some New Concepts That Gained Popularity During Fifth Generation Include Microkernels,  Multithreading, And Multicore Operating Systems.
• Fifth Generation Saw The Emergence Of More Powerful Supercomputers Based On parallel Processing Technology.
• During Fifth Generation Are JAVA Programming Language, And Parallel Programming Libraries Like MPL [ Message Passing Interface ] And PVM [Parallel Virtual Machine].
• Working With Computers Of This Generation Was Fast And Multiple Tasks Could Be Performed Simultaneously. 
• They Have Faster And Larger Primary And Secondary Storage As Compared To Their Predecessors.
• They Consume Less Power Than Their Predecessors Do.
• Fifth Generation Desktop PCs And Workstation Are Several Times More Powerful Than PCs Of Fourth Generation.

COMPUTER AND ITS TYPES WITH(I/O) DEVICES

                                         ABOUT  COMPUTER

INTRO:

• The Word  "COMPUTER"  Comes From  The Word  "COMPUTE" , Which Means, "To Calculate".Hence, people Usually Consider a Computer To Be a Calculating Device That Can Perform Arithmetic Operations At High Speed. 

• A Computer Is Often Referred To As a Data Processor Because It Can Store, Process, And Retrieve Data Whenever Desired.

• We Now Define A Computer As a Devise That Operates Upon Data Because More Than 80% Of Work Done Today's Computer Is Data Processing.

                      COMPUTER PARTS

1 MOTHERBOARD: 

•  A Motherboard Is An Electronic Circuit Board In A Computer Which     Interconnects Hardware Device Attached To It.

• Motherboard Hold All The Computing Parts Such As CPU,RAM,HARD DISK,  GRAPHICS PROCESSOR  ETC. 

• Creates An Integrated Communication System Between    Them So That Computer Can Process The Given To It

   

MOTHERBOARD COMPONENTS:-

1. MOUSE & KEYBOARD
2. USB (UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS)
3. PARALLEL PORT
4. CPU HIP
5. RAM SLOTS
6. FLOPPY CONTROLLER
7. IDE CONTROLLER
8. PCI SLOT
9. ISA SLOT
10. CMOS BATTERY
11. AGP SLOT
12. CPU SLOT
13. POWER SUPPLY PLUG IN  

TYPES OF MOTHERBOARD:-

1. AT  MOTHERBOARD
2. ATX  MOTHERBOARD
3. MICRO-ATX  MOTHERBO
4. MINI-ATX  MOTHERBOARD
5. E-ATX  MOTHERBOARD
6. NANO-ITX  MOTHERBOARD
7. PICO-ITXMOTHERBOARD

2. CPU ( CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT  )

A Central Processing Unit (CPU), Also Known A Main Processor Or Central  Processor,Is The Electonic Circuitry Within A Computer That Carries Out  The  Insstruction Of A  Computer Program By Performing The Basic  Arithmetic, Logic, Controlling,  And  Input/output (I/O)Operating Specified  By The Instructions.

     

COMPONENTS OF A CPU:

1. Arithemetic Logic Unit
2. Control Unit
3. Registers   

3. MONITOR

   MONITOR : Computer Monitors Are The Display Devices Used To View The Display Output

                        Of A Computer It Can Be Refferd To As The Visual Interface The User And                                  The  Computer

                        The First Computer Monitors  Used Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs), Which Made

                        Them Large, Heavy And Inefficient. 

                        Now a Days, Flot-Screen  LCD/LED  Monitors  Are  Used In Laptops And                                    Desktop Computers Because They Are Lighter And More Energy Efficient.  

    KARL FERDINAND BRAUN IS A GERMAN SCIENTIST INVENTED THE 

    FIRST CATHODE RAY TUBE IN 1897.

TYPES OF COMPUTER MONITOR:

• CRT ( CATHODE RAY TUBE ) MONITORS
• LED ( LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY ) MONITORS
• LED ( LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES ) MONITOR

4. KEYBOARD

         

      KEYBOARD: Keyboard Is Used As A Text Entry Interface For Typing Text 

                               And Numbers Into A Word Processor, Text Editor Or Any 

                               Other Program.

                               Keyboard Is Also Used To Give Commands To The Operating

                               System Of a Computer, Such As Windows' Control-Alt-Delete 

                               Combination.

   

                               KEYBOARD ARE DESIGNED FOR THE INPUT OF TEXT AND

                               CHARACTERS.

5. MOUSE 
                                      
     MOUSE: A Mouse Is A Devise That Computer The Movement Of The Cursor Or Pointer                            On A  Display Screen. Its Name Is Derived From Its Shape, Which Looks Like A                          Mouse And  Its Wire Looks Like A Mouse's Tail.
                 
                    MOUSE IS INVENTED BY DOUGLAS ENGELBART OF STANDOU                                             RESEARCH CENTER IN 1963

TYPES OF MOUSE:

1. MECHANICAL MOUSE 
2. OPTOMECHANICAL MOUSE 
3. OPTICAL MOUSE

6. RAM

 RAM(RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY):  RAM IS A TYPE OF DATA STORAGE USED IN                                                                     COMPUTER THAT IS GENERALLY LOCATED
                                                                 ON THE MOTHERBOARD.
  
                                                                 RAM IS PHYSICAL IN A COMPUTER THAT
                                                                 TEMPORARILY STORES DATA.
                                                                    
                                                                A RAM DEVISE IS ALLOWS DATA ITEMS TO 
                                                                BE READ OR WITTEN IN ALMOST THE SAME 
                                                                AMOUNT OF TIME IRRESPECTIVE OF THE 
                                                                PHYSICAL LOCATION OF DATE INSIDE THE 
                                                                MEMORY.
  
    RAM IS USED AS A TEMPORARY STORAGE WHEN YOU RUN ANY APPLICATION

TYPES OF RAM:

1. DRAM (DYNAMIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)
2. SRAM  (STATIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)

7. PRINTER

                                       
            PRINTER: A  Printer Is A Devise That Accepts Text And Graphic Output 
                              From A Computer And Transfers The Information To Paper.

                              A Printer Is An Output Devise That Prints Paper Documents.

                              Printers Are Output Devise Used To Prepare Permanent 
                              Output Devise On Paper                                                     

 TYPES OF PRINTER:

1. IMPACT PRINTER
2. NON-IMPACT PRINTER
3. CHARACTER PRINTER
4. 3D PRINTER
5. AIO (ALL-IN-ONE) PRINTER
6. DOT MATRIX PRINTER
7. INKJET PRINTER
8. LASER PRINTER
9. LED PRINTER
10. OFFSET PRINTER
11. LETTERPRESS PRINTER
12. PLOTTER PRINTER
13. THERMAL PRINTER

8. SPEAKER

    SPEAKER:  Speaker Is A computer Hadware Device That Converts Analog Audio                                        Signals Into The Equivalent Air Vibrations In Order To Make Audible                                      Sound. 

                

                            They receive audio input from the computer's sound card and                                                    produce audio output in the form of sound waves.

TYPES OF SPEAKER:

1. ELECTRODYNAMIC LOUDSPEAKER
2. FLAT PANEL SPEAKER
3. PLASMA ARC SPEAKERS
4. PIEZOELECTRIC SPEAKER

9. SCANNER

     

  SCANNER: A Scanner Is A Devise Like A Copy Machine That Copies Documents 

                        And Pictures And Saves Them As Image. 

              

                       A Scanner Is An Electronic Device Which Can Capture Image From                                         Physical Items And Convert Them Into Digital Formats

TYPES OF SCANNER:

1. FLATBED SCANNER
2. SHEETFED SCANNER
3. HANDHELD SCANNER
4. DRUM SCANNER 
5. PHOTO SCANNER
6. FILM SCANNER
7. PORTABLE SCANNER

10.POWER SUPPLY  

    

   POWER SUPPLY: A Power Supply Unit Converts Main Ac To Low-Voltage Regulated

                                     DC Power For The Internal Components Of A Computer.

                                     A Power Supply Is A Hardware Component Of A Computer That

                                     Supplies All Components In A Computer With Power.

                                     In Most Computer, The Power Supply Is Located At The Back Of 

                                     The Computer.

11.VIDEO CARD

  VIDEO CARD: A Video Card (Also Called A Display Card, Graphics Card, Display Adapter

                                Or Graphics Adapter, ) Is An Expansion, Card Which Generates A Feed Of 

                                Output Image To A Device (such as a computer monitor).

                                A Video Card Connects To The Motherboard Of A Computer System and 

                                Generates Output Images To Display.

VIDEO CARD COMPONENT :

1. THE GRAPHICS PROCESSOR
2. THE VIDEO MEMORY
3. THE RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY DIGITAL-TO-ANALOGUE CONVERTER
4. THE DRIVER SOFTWARE

                                

12.HARD DISK DRIVE

     HARD DISK DRIVE: A Disk Is A Non-Volatile Memory Hardware Device That                                                                 Permanently Stores And Retrieves Data On A Computer.

                                                  It Is A Secondary Storage Device Used To Store Data                                                                        Permanently,Random Access Memory (RAM) Being The                                                                  Primary Memory Device.

               THE FIRST HARD DISK DRIVE WAS INTRODUCE TO THE MARKET BY IBM

               ON SEPTEMBER 13, 1956.

                                                  

13.SOLID-STATE DRIVE 

        SOLID STATE DRIVE: Solid State Drive (SSD). It Used For Storing Data Similar To 
                                                 Hard Disk Drive, But Have Many Advantage When Compared
                                                 To HDD.

                                                 It Supports Reading And Writing Data And Maintains Stored
                                                 Data In A Permanent State Even Without Power.
       

14.OPTICAL DRIVE
   
            OPTICAL DRIVE: An Optical Drive Is A Type Of Computer Disk Drive That Reads
                                             Writes Data From Optical Disk Through Laser Beaming Technology.

                                              The Optical Drive Normally Known By Other Names Like A Disc 
                                              Drive, Optical Disc Drive (ODD), CD Drive, DVD Drive, Or BD
                                              Drive.

               COMPART DISCS, DVDs, AND BLU-RAY DISCS ARE COMMO TYPES OF 
               OPTICAL MEDIA WHICH CAN BE READ AND RECORDED BY SUCH DRIVE 

14.BATTERY BACKUP S(UPS)
     BATTERY BACKUP (UPS): Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) A Device That
                                                             Provides Battery Backup When The Electrical Power
                                                             Fails Or Drops To An Unacceptable Voltage Level.
    
                                                             UPS Devises Also Provide Protection From Power Surges. 

   TYPES OF UPS:

1. STANDBY
2. LINE INTERACTIVE
3. STANDBY ON-LINE HYBRID
4. STANDBY-FREEO
5. DOUBLE CONVERSION ON-LINE
6. DELTA CONVERSION ON-LINE